Writing a literature review in the pre or mail service-qualification, volition be required to undertake a literature review, either every bit part of a course of study, as a central step in the inquiry procedure. A literature review tin can be just a unproblematic summary of the sources, only it ordinarily has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such every bit learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the power to clarify and synthesize data equally well as becoming skillful at writing and reporting, oftentimes within a limited time calibration. The aim of this article is to present a pace-past-pace approach to writing a literature review research paper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time menstruation. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified knowledge base of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and have not nonetheless undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and prove-based care, a step in the inquiry process and as office of an academic assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Oft-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literatureast Review Research Paper:

A step- past- step approach

Abdullah Ramdhani1, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin three

1 Department of Public Administration, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.ac.id.

2 Kinesthesia of Science and Technology

State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- Republic of indonesia

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.air-conditioning.id

3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Direction, Pasundan Academy

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-Republic of indonesia

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstruse – Westriting a calorie-freerature review in the pre or mail-qualification, will be

required to undertake a literature review, either every bit part of a course of study, as a

central footstep in the research process. A literature review tin be just a elementary summary

of the sources, merely it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the power to clarify and synthesize data as well every bit becoming adept at

writing and reporting, ofttimes within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to

nowadays a step- by- stride approach to writing a literature review research paper to

facilitate educatee and novice reviewers' understanding.

Key Westords – Literature review; Literature searching; Westriting a review.

one Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a particular discipline area, and sometimes

data in a particular subject area within a certain time period. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified knowledge base of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and take non yet undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and evidence-based care, a stride in the research process and every bit part of an academic

cess. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literaturdue east review the chore appears

daunting. Oftentimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

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many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review tin be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It

might give a new interpretation of sometime fabric or combine new with onetime interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the nearly pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

ii What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly manufactures, books and other sources relevant to a particular

effect, area of inquiry, or theory, and by and then doing, providing a description, summary, and disquisitional

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you lot have

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, north.d.). A literature review is a description of the

literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the primal

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are existence asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary research, but

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may exist verbal, but inorthward the vast majority of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, clarify

and/ or integrate the content of principal reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and critical analysis of the relevant available

research and non-inquiry literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -date with electric current literature on a topic and form the basis for some other

goal, such as the justification for time to come research in the area. A good literature review gathers

information about a particular subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any

personal biases. It should contain a clear search and option strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Proficient structuring is essential to enhance the flow and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is different from an academic research newspaper. The primary focus of an academic

inquiry paper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will contain a literature review as

ane of its parts. In a research paper, you lot apply the literature as a foundation and as support for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, nonetheless, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve as a section of a main research commodity that provides the

theoretical foundation for the principal study that is the subject of the articldue east. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

commodity. It describes the content and quality of knowledge already available, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous piece of work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). Equally an academic piece, the review

cannot simply regurgitate the bailiwick matter, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available material and offering a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list as possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a particular discipline area. It is dissimilar with traditional

reviews that endeavour to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews use explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Master purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

background for agreement current knowledge and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire research ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of noesis, thus helping

the researcher to determine or define research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) argue that a sufficiently focused research question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Equally, withal, it can assist refine or focus a broad research question

and is u.s.eful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It can also be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworkdue south (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a arrangementatic review should detail the time frame within which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In gild for the reader to appraise the reliability and validity of the review (see figure 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Codify the enquiry question; (b) Set

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access the literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

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iv Steps in the Literature Review Procedure

Given the particular processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the residuum of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) argue that the first step involves identifying the subject area of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may have decided this already.

However, for the individual undertaking a not -research based literature review this will be the showtime

pace.

4.1 Choosing a review topic

The first task to tackle, frequently the about difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Often the chore is especially difficult because of a

lack of knowledge in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your choice of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and place wide topics in the discipline that interest you. 2nd,

read the capacity associated with the topics y'all pick to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (key

words), primary investigators, and issues or controversies in the area. 3rd, talking to others, such every bit

good, or reading around a topic can also aid to place what areas of the subject the reviewer is

interested in and may help betoken how much information exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The next step, after choosing a topic, is to get to the library and search for journal articles

published in the area. Utilise primal words to find article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader'due south reference. Abstracts tin be useful, time saving devices because they aid in

weeding good, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral articles.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is also important, especially when the

review is an academic assignment. These academic exercises usually have short deadlines, so having

enough literature is key from the perspective of being able to do the review and submit information technology on time.

Literature reviews that are role of academic coursework usually have strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to adhere to that limit. Topics that are as well broad will result in reviews that are either too

long or too superficial. Equally a rule of pollex, it is better to start with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary augment the scope of the review as you progress. It is much more difficult to cutting content

successfully, especially if time is short.

4.two Searching and selecting appropriate articles

The adjacent step later on selected a topic is to place, in a structured way, the appropriate and related

information. A systematic approach is considered most likely to generate a review that will be

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) suggest that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the result volition be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of manufactures that are selected for a adept review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical enquiry manufactures. Choosing the work of a unmarried researcher may be ane

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation will be more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you support

in your newspaper. You should choose several researchers' works that have added to the knowledge base in

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a specific expanse. Strive to eliminate (or explain away) articles that take faulty methods or that utilize faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Present, literature searches are undertaken most normally using computers and electronic

databases. Estimator databases offer access to vast quantities of information, which can be retrieved

more than easily and speedily than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which deal with specific fields of information. It is important therefore to place

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews tin as well be important sources of data. They can offering a good overview of thursdayeast

research that has been undertaken, and then that the relevance to the present work can be adamant (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) argue when undertaking a literature search an important question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the type of source. The four chief

types of sources are outlined in Table 1. In conducting the literature search information technology is important to proceed a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature as these will need to be identified

later when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table 1. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a report by the original researchers of a study

Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, e.g. a review commodity

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Fiveiews or opinions almost the subject that are not research, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

It is always more desirable to apply main sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of manufactures published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded as

being more up- to- date than books as sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources do non comprise new information. A await at

secondary sources is frequently a expert motility when starting a literature review, just yous never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a cheque against possible errors.

four.three Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After yous accept collected the manufactures you intend to use in your literature review, you are set up to

analyze each ane (intermission it down and identify the important information in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as

a group).

Initially, it is advisable to undertake a start read of the articles that have been collected to get a sense of

what they are almost. Most published articles contain a summary or abstract at the beginning of the

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paper, which will assistance with this process and enable the decision as to whether information technology is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this point, information technology may also be of benefit to undertake an initial nomenclature and

grouping of the articles by blazon of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can help u.s.a. clarify and synthesize our cardinal sources. Table two show

nigh using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique interpretation that not only serves equally the foundation of your study just also contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. There are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized by the cardinal studies on your specific topic. Identify vi to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your report and that you will apply as the foundation

for your proposed research. In the first cavalcade along the vertical axis of the table, listing the author and

engagement of publication for each study (Emerge, 2013). Then create columns to identify the purpose or

research questions the authors posed, the method used in the report, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the study, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

ostend those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

information not constitute in other sources.

Table 2. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Another tools for clarify and synthesize is undertake an initial formification and grouping of the

articles by type of source. Once the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

manufactures to undertake a more than systematic and critical review of the content. It is recommended that some

type of construction is adopted during this process such equally that proposed past Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) organization and it non only keeps

yous focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of fabric

particularly if a large number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview sthistoric period, a reviewer may terminate up with four stacks of articles that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a

combination of both) to assist the procedure (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the championship of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a research report, and findings and outcomes. It is also useful to incorporate comments or

cardinal thoughts on your response to the article after it has been reviewed. For the purpose of good record

keeping, it is suggested that the source and full reference are besides included. It tin can be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key point among a plethora of articles at a after stage (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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As information technology is likely that not all of the manufactures will be master sources, you lot may wish to adapt your summary

system to accommodate other sources, such equally systematic reviews or non-enquiry literature. Possible

headings, adapted from appraisal tools for diverse types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may exist laborious at times, each article should exist read while trying to respond the questions . It is

worth noting, all the same, that if whatever aspect of the appraisement is not clear, it may be benign to access

more than detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further analysis or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of data required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Periodical (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Primal thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Cardinal thoughts/ comments, eastward.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, eastward.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The last stage of appraisal is to write a short summary of each article and may include key thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should exist written in your own words to

facilitate your understanding of the material. It as well forms a good basis for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.iv Organization of writing the review

The master aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to understand the need

to behave precisely the form of literature review or research paper that you propose or accept washed. The

key to a practiced literature review or research paper is the ability to present the findings in such a mode that

it demonstrates your cognition in a clear and consistent way (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should show how your research

project volition join the on-going conversation: place the key terms and concepts and point how your

enquiry will resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You tin also outline the structure of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and you can and then

foreshadow the direction of the next section/ chapter.

4.four.i Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) contend that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'trouble'. Information technology idue south of import that the literature sources and the central search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will not simply present the main topic, but will as well make a argument about

the status of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of business organisation in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or identify the general topic or area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions, or gaps in research and scholarship, to identify a

particular problem; (c) Establish your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explicate what information technology included or excluded (scope); and

forecast the organization or sequence of the review.

four.4.2 Main body

The master torso of the study presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this can be washed (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the manner

in which the main trunk of the review is framed, there are key points that must be considered. First,

Group research studies and other literature co-ordinate to common denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. Second, summarize

individual studies in detail appropriate to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, United statese figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original data or to prove central data taken directly from the original papers.

In guild for your reader to move through your data with ease while keeping the large picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the same way that you did in the statement near how your

literature review volition continue. Club the abstractions (main ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources accept contributions to brand to which concepts. You will then nowadays more specific

information from the sources, using in-text citation, to discuss the abstractions in more detail and to

indicate out areas of agreement or debate among sources. Your body paragraphs should work to not only

summarize what sources have said, but to demonstrate relationships betwixt them.

iv.iv.iii Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the textile leads you to conclude nigh the overall country of the literature, what it provides

and where information technology is lacking. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes current noesis and offer a rationale for conducting future

inquiry. In a review, which forms part of a written report, whatsoever gaps in noesis that accept been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may also exist possible to

utilise the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the report. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practice, education and research should be

included.

4.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a total bibliographical list of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a class of written report or for publication, it is an essential part of the process that all sourced material is

acknowledged. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a separate file for references and each time a publication is cited, it tin be

added to this listing immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Determination

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a footstep-by - footstep approach to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written generally enough to be applicative to a wide range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative volition frequently dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for carrying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to exist learned. By conducting them, student or researchers can be involved in increasing the

noesis through evidence-based exercise.

References

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Develop Sustainable Business organization Model Archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, W. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract 1: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (4): 297–9.

Cooper, H. G. (1988). The Structure of Noesis Synthesis. Knowledge in Society, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a step-by - step

arroyo. British Journal of Nursing, 17(1): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (northward.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Greyness, D., & Counsell, S. (n.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literatureast Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. Due north. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, Thou. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Enquiry. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10(26).

Sally. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix every bit a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Research. Retrived

from http:// www.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-doctor/dissertation-medico- blog

iii- a -synthesis-matrix- every bit- a-tool -for-analyzing-and-synthesizing-prior-research.

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San Jose State University (n.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of Due north Carolina at Chapel Hill (northward.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Center.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to deport an constructive literature review. Nurs Stand, xx

(xi): 41–7.

USC Libraries. (northward.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to comport a literature search. Nurs Stand 19 (half dozen): 45-51

... Research method is done through literature review. Ramdhani et al. divers literature review as an act to discuss existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain field of study as well it may discuss it in a certain time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article will answer the issue presented in the previous section through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes mensurate during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine then available the measures and standards states take becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure which is a unified social control through international law by analysing whether social control is permissible nether international law. A unified social control for measures that event the mobility will unify standards. Information technology is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-xix Pandemic. Unified control through international should be done in a treaty or convention. Affairs for the success of the treaty then should be done through track two model of diplomacy which will provide liberty to u.s.a. in raising their wills and business concern on the respective treaty.

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico e indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a united nations campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el actor desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, particular, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. g. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal 5 tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The manufactures were collected, classified, and reviewed to place of import information that can be further used by diverse stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attention to abstracts of articles equally they provide summaries from which readers can decide its relevance to the domain nether investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo developed a quantitative review of 50 years of medical research on patient adherence to handling. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and inquiry articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered past these researches included medical information retrieval, disease statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this newspaper, we apply diverse text mining and data analysis techniques in an endeavour to discover trending topics and topic cyclopedia in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric information and word association rules applied to 1945 enquiry articles that had been published betwixt the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and try required for manually summarizing big-calibration amounts of information in such a wide and multidisciplinary domain. To behave out this task, we employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Resource allotment (LDA), in improver to diverse document and discussion embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the involvement in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, equally demonstrated by the five most commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau condition dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-nineteen, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The last three decades two singled-out trends accept emerged inside Early on Babyhood Education, namely Early Childhood Science Pedagogy and Early Childhood Special Teaching. The current newspaper tries to move forth these areas and illuminate the common footing that lie between them. In item, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cerebral trends within Early on Childhood Science Education, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes various, specific strategies that emerge from the above-mentioned trends and could be implemented in instruction scientific discipline inside special needs settings. By so doing, the present paper aspires to fix the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early Childhood Special Science Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual ground is a milestone in the reform of authorities financial reporting. State fiscal management policies in the new government era too provided new insights for the development of government accounting research. This report aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 period. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a report of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the nearly popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are still very limited to use in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government accounting inquiry in the future by providing signals of several interesting inquiry areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA two selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa expanse penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Transport
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual footing is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. State financial management policies in the new regime era besides provided new insights for the evolution of government accounting research. This study aims to provide an overview of the evolution of government bookkeeping inquiry in two reputable national journals indexed past SINTA two during the 2015-2019 period. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles testify that accountability and spending are the well-nigh popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are notwithstanding very express to apply in these government accounting studies. This report contributes to the management of government accounting research in the future by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa surface area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Slameto Slameto

Like other educators, school counselors initially responded to the Covid-19 crisis with confusion and uncertainty, for which they needed solutions with collaboration and innovation. In schools with a framework used to focus on the 'whole child.' MTSS supports academic growth and accomplishment, but too supports many other areas. MTSS is a holistic learning approach to support students through big-scale life changes due to the global pandemic. The pandemic is prompting schoolhouse counselors to plow to virtual tools to engage with and track students and families. School counselors make use of certain technological tools, merely as well offer some caveats about their use. During the pandemic, school counselors are expected to provide comprehensive services to students and families, and instead step into a leadership role that allows them to provide comprehensive virtual social-emotional and academic learning in counseling services to their students. The demand for school counselors to stay connected to students during COVID-19 through providing virtual communication, providing virtual counseling (individual and/or group): trauma intendance, cyberbullying, managing expectations, paying attention to burnout, and managing exhaustion. For the future of students, run into students wherever they are while respecting digital security, cyberbullying, and protecting student privacy, and taking intendance to ensure confidentiality.

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are bereft in themselves to deliver the holistic changes necessary to achieve long-term social and environmental sustainability. How can nosotros encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the way companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business models (SBM) incorporate a triple bottom line arroyo and consider a broad range of stakeholder interests, including surround and lodge. They are of import in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can aid embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve equally a key commuter of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, simply have not been collated under a unifying theme of business organization model innovation. The literature and business exercise review has identified a broad range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin can contribute to business model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business concern model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common language that can be used to advance the evolution of sustainable business models in enquiry and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise material and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste product'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Adopt a stewardship office; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business for order/environment; and Develop scale-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working paper has been thoroughly revised and superseded by two distinct articles. The get-go is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original commodity: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Data Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The article is available from Google Scholar or from the author's website. The 2d extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Paper Series, December 8, 2015. This commodity identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates by citation analysis that, in information systems research, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The commodity provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Groundwork: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code tin help direct exam attempt, reduce costs and improve the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques applied, influence the functioning of error prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to place 208 fault prediction studies published from January 2000 to Dec 2010. Nosotros synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which written report sufficient contextual and methodological data co-ordinate to the criteria we develop and apply. Results: The models that perform well tend to exist based on simple modelling techniques such equally Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of contained variables have been used by models that perform well. Feature choice has been practical to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive functioning. Although at that place are a set of error prediction studies in which confidence is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which report their context, methodology and functioning comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This newspaper describes the process by which a literature review is conducted. Information technology begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and and so explores how key words can exist used to ascertain the scope of the review, how the review can exist organized into t hemes and how conclusions can exist fatigued from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and wellness care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical step in designing and conducting a credible study. It might seem tedious at outset, but your own ideas will become improve developed and thoughtful equally you critique what other researchers have done. It will make your study stronger. Thus, don't skim over this part of the process. A good literature review will make the next steps easier. It will also assure that y'all are studying an important expanse, that the result has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results volition be easier.